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defined as "the part of quality management focused on
fulfilling quality requirements."
Another definition of quality control descibes
it as "the process relating to gathering process data and
analyzing the data to determine whether the process exhibits
nonrandom variation."
Quality Control often referrs to Inspection of
finished products, meaning to check whether they meet the desired
Requirements and Specifications. But it is not limited to
inspecting products as it might also include detecting the cause
for non-conformities and not meeting the requirements documented
in the specifications for the product.
In all production processes, the extent to which products meet
quality specifications must be monitored. In the most general
terms, there are two "enemies" of product quality: (1)
deviations from target specifications, and (2) excessive
variability around target specifications. During the earlier
stages of developing the production process, designed experiments
are often used to optimize these two quality characteristics
The general approach to on-line quality control is
straightforward: We simply extract samples of a certain size from
the ongoing production process. We then produce line charts of
the variability in those samples, and consider their closeness to
target specifications. If a trend emerges in those lines, or if
samples fall outside pre-specified limits, then we declare the
process to be out of control and take action to find the cause of
the problem. These types of charts are sometimes also referred to
as Shewhart control charts (named after W. A. Shewhart who is
generally credited as being the first to introduce these methods;
see Shewhart, 1931). Those control charts are often referred to
as "Quality Control Chart" or Statistical Process
Control Chart (SPC-Chart).
We will discuss them under "the seven basic tools of
Quality".
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